At times, in response to your questions, we may offer additional metrics to provide greater insights into the dynamics of our business. Please be advised that this additional detail may be one-time in nature and we may or may not provide an update on the future of these metrics. I encourage you to visit our investor relations' website and access our press release, financial highlights deck, periodic SEC reports, and the webcast replay of today's call to learn more about Magnite. I will now turn the call over to Michael.

Please go ahead.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, Nick. I'm pleased to report results for Q4 that once again exceeded our top line guidance for contribution ex-TAC across all business lines while delivering very strong profitability and free cash flow. Our DV+ business performed particularly well delivering contribution ex-TAC growth of 11% and CTV rebounded nicely from Q3, exceeding the high end of our guidance. To start 2024, our momentum has been especially strong with our CTV business.

We are encouraged to see these positive trends and are optimistic they will continue.We are pleased to report that we finished 2023 with total ad spend over 5 billion, representing growth approaching 20%, with CTV ad spend growing above 20% for the full year. For 2024, we expect ad spend growth to accelerate on a full year basis over 2023. We believe this represents continued market share gains for Magnite. Our CTV platform is best-in-class, which is validated by our strong and growing partnerships with the majority of the largest industry players, including Roku, Warner Bros Discovery, Paramount, Disney, Fox, Samsung, LG, and Vizio.

These partners continue to rapidly expand their programmatic advertising efforts and investments that will drive meaningful industry growth for the next several years, which we believe will fuel additional Magnite growth. Streamers just entering ad-supported programmatics such as Prime Video and the new sports partnership between ESPN, Fox, and Warner Bros Discovery, all of which are important Magnite partners, are also going to drive industry growth and provide additional opportunities. As the market matures and the landscape of TV ad buying continues to evolve, we are very confident our role and the services we provide will expand. We believe we are uniquely suited to accelerate partner success in CTV based on our strong value proposition.

There are a number of key reasons we are positioned to continue growing market share. Number one, we offer a complete solution, including the industry leading programmatic CTV ad server SpringServe, combined with the most advanced streaming platform, Magnite Streaming. Number two, we have industry-leading tools supporting sports and live advertising. Three, we offer advanced data and audience solutions.

Four, we are facilitating the rapid growth of new buyers entering into the CTV ad market, including direct buying through our ClearLine product. And last, but certainly not least, five, we're independent. Today, I want to spend a little more time on CTV and sports as this is a highly technical and complex part of the CTV ecosystem, where we have a strong offering and leadership position. Historically, almost all sports advertising has been done by sellers directly, but we believe this is a tremendous opportunity for us in the future as more of this inventory goes programmatic, this remains a key investment area for us.

In sports, you have an extremely valuable and engaged audience that can spike exponentially at any moment, making it ideal for programmatic, delivering real-time demand that matches the viewing audience and meets all the complex TV rules, takes massive scale and technical execution that greatly exceeds typical programmatic CTV needs. Our technology is unrivaled with features such as LSA, or Live Sports Acceleration, a technology that helps better monetize live inventory by increasing ad pod fill rates without impacting the user experience. We support all of the largest sporting events, including all of the major North American professional leagues, NFL, NBA, MLB and NHL, college football and basketball, international events such as the Olympics, Cricket World Cup, and World Cup Soccer, and other sports such as tennis. Beyond our prowess in sports, our publisher partners are increasingly reaping the benefits of our holistic solution, which leverages our ad server and SSP to enhance monetization and efficiency.

Much of our CTV business is enabled through advanced integrations with our ad server. As a reminder, ad serving puts us one step closer to the publisher and creates a stickier relationship. With SpringServe, our platform is deeply embedded within the client workflow and becomes a central technology in their overall monetization strategy. Now, more than three quarters of our streaming partners use both our SpringServe technology and SSP services.

That compares to less than 50% at the time of the SpringServe acquisition. The wins at SpringServe also keep coming, especially on an international basis. The most recent additions or expansions include iHeart, Virgin Media, Whirl and Crackle, to name a few. In CTV, we saw Amazon make a big move by opting all Prime Video viewers into an ad-supported tier in late January.

This is part of a continuing trend, premium streaming platforms adopting ad-supported tiers. We believe Prime Video launching an ad-supported tier will be a lift for the whole streaming ecosystem, including Magnite. Let me explain. Prime Video has a reported 200 million subscribers.

That is a massive scale. Linear only advertisers can't ignore that reach. Therefore, more linear dollars will shift to streaming. Of course, the top TV advertisers will be a part of this shift.

But more importantly, Prime Video will drag over thousands of Amazon merchants into CTV, and these merchants are used to purchasing ad inventory programmatically with advanced targeting. This cohort will help realize streaming's capabilities, advanced performing targeting and scale. Over time, these advertisers will sample other platforms to drive performance results. This will help the entire ecosystem.

But Magnite does not have to wait for this transition to occur to benefit from Prime Video's ad tier. Amazon syndicates more broadcaster and cable content than any other streaming service. By some accounts, 50% of all Prime Video content consumed is broadcast in cable shows. Our broadcast and cable partners rely on us to monetize their share of this inventory.

So as their ad supply grows on Prime Video, so, too, do our revenue opportunities. We have already seen a surge in partner inventory. We expect Prime's success will be greatly driven by the syndicated content, and Magnite is perfectly positioned to participate in these economics. Now, moving over to DV+.

We finished the year with growth of 10%, capped by 11% contribution ex-TAC growth in Q4. I am incredibly proud of our team's efforts and extreme focus on buyers' needs to drive these results. We are also improving monetization for sellers by investing in formats such as native, audio, podcasts and digital out of home. Our roadmap of new product innovation in DV+ has never been stronger in the seven years I've been at the helm at Magnite.

Our growth in DV+ has also been supported by our adoption of AI. Our technology uses AI to filter the best impressions out of the more than 1 trillion ad requests per day in order to deliver the highest ROI to the right client over and over and over. We also continue to invest in other AI tools that we have built into our client solutions, such as Demand Manager, which uses machine learning for dynamic auction optimization and management of price floors to lift revenue. An industry development, which has received a lot of attention is Google's plan to deprecate third-party cookies this year.

We have been preparing and are ready for the next chapter in the cookie list world. We intend to fully support Privacy Sandbox, as well as all the other leading alternative identity solutions. In addition, we are continuing to invest in our own audience capabilities to help publishers better monetize their first-party data. Ultimately, we believe the elimination of third-party cookies will strengthen our market position as competitors will struggle to support new third-party solutions and do not possess the scale necessary to support first party segment creation.

In closing, we feel very good about our business, particularly driving a return to growth in CTV. Now that our platform consolidation is in the rearview mirror, we are in a position to focus our engineering and product efforts exclusively on delivering cutting-edge tech that will further cement our leadership position in the industry. With that, I'll turn the call over to David for more detail on the financials. David?

David Day -- Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Michael. We are pleased to close another strong quarter and year for Magnite. As Michael mentioned, fourth quarter results for both CTV and DV+ contribution ex-TAC exceeded the high end of our guide. We also reported an adjusted EBITDA margin of 43% for the quarter, which is above the high end of our guidance range.

For the full year 2023, we generated contribution ex-TAC of 549 million, ad spend surpassing 5 billion, adjusted EBITDA of 171 million, and over 100 million of free cash flow. Total revenue for Q4 was $187 million, up 7% from Q4 2022. Contribution ex-TAC was $165 million, up 6%. CTV contribution ex-TAC was $64 million, beating our guidance and was down 2% from last year.

CTV contribution ex-TAC was pressured in the quarter as we had expected by mix shift and managed service softness trends, which we've discussed in the last several quarters, but showed marked improvement over the third quarter. DV+ contribution ex-TAC was $102 million, an increase from $92 million or up 11% compared to last year and continues to be an area of strength as Michael mentioned. Our contribution ex-TAC mix for Q4 was 38% CTV, 44% mobile, and 18% desktop. Geographically, our international investments are paying off and results continue to outpace our U.S.

results led by our DV+ business with new publisher wins and overall volume growth. From a vertical perspective, automotive, health and fitness, travel, and retail were our strongest performing categories. Categories that did not perform as well were business services, home and garden, and financial services, and political was also down significantly as we cycled the election spend from 2022. Total operating expenses, which includes cost of revenue for the fourth quarter, were $152 million, a decrease from $204 million in the same period last year.

A primary driver of the decrease from last year was the accelerated amortization resulting from the consolidation of our legacy platforms into Magnite Streaming, which was completed in July. Adjusted EBITDA operating expense for the fourth quarter was $95 million at the midpoint of our guidance range, up 3% from last year. Net income was $31 million for the quarter compared to net loss for the fourth quarter of 2022 of $36 million. Adjusted EBITDA was $70 million and adjusted EBITDA margin was 43% for the quarter, which compares to $64 million and a margin of 41% last year.

As a reminder, we calculate adjusted EBITDA margin as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC. GAAP earnings per diluted share was $0.16 for the fourth quarter of 2023 compared to a loss of $0.27 for the fourth quarter of 2022. Non-GAAP earnings per share in the fourth quarter of 2023 was $0.29, compared to $0.24 reported last year. The reconciliations to non-GAAP income and non-GAAP earnings per share are included with our Q4 results press release.

Our cash balance at the end of Q4 was $326 million, an increase from $311 million at the end of last quarter. Capital expenditures, including both purchases of property and equipment and capitalized internally used software development costs, were $12 million for the quarter. Operating cash flow, which we define as adjusted EBITDA less capex, was $59 million for the quarter. Our net interest expense for the quarter was $8 million.

As we announced earlier this month, we successfully refinanced our credit facilities that we had entered into in connection with our SpotX acquisition in April 2021. Our prior structure consisted of a revolver with a capacity of $65 million and a term loan B with a balance of $351 million outstanding. We replaced this facility with a new $365 million term loan B and an upsized $175 million revolver. We believe that these new facilities provide significant benefits and flexibility to Magnite.

First and foremost, the new debt structure removed the springing maturity covenant tied to our convertible notes due in March of 2026, which would have accelerated the maturity date of all term loans and made them current in December of 2025 absent a refinancing of the converts. Under our new credit facility, we now have maximum flexibility with our converts and can either repay them at maturity or repurchase them earlier, depending on our view of the trading discount. Second, we were able to upsize our revolver from 65 million to 175 million with a lower interest rate, which increases our liquidity profile and gives us greater cash and financial flexibility. The revolver matures in February 2029.

Third, we were able to refinance our term loans with a lower cash interest cost and extend their maturity to February of 2031. And finally, our new facilities carry the same rating, are leverage neutral, and continue to be covenant light with equal or better terms than the original debt. In less than three years since the acquisition of SpotX, we have been able to reduce our convert balance from 400 million to 205 million and reduce our net leverage ratio from 6.2x to 1.2x at the end of 2023. This is a huge accomplishment driven by the strong cash flow generation of our business.

In conjunction with the closing of our new credit facilities, our board also approved a new program that allows for the repurchase of up to 125 million of common stock or convertible notes through February 1 of 2026. This program replaces the existing authorization and allows us to be opportunistic in our capital deployment. From a capital structure standpoint, we're now targeting a net leverage ratio of 1x or less longer term. Given the normal seasonality of our cash flow, we will likely see a cash decrease and a corresponding increase in our net leverage ratio at the end of Q1, similar to last year, but expect increases and improvement in subsequent quarters.

I will now share our expectations for the first quarter and full year. For the first quarter, we expect contribution ex-TAC to be in the range of $122 million to $126 million, contribution ex-TAC attributable to CTV to be in the range of $49 million to $51 million, contribution ex-TAC attributable to DV+ to be in the range of $73 million to $75 million, and adjusted EBITDA operating expenses to be between $106 million and $108 million, which implies adjusted EBITDA margin of approximately 14% for Q1 at the midpoints. The increase in adjusted EBITDA operating expense for Q1 is primarily driven by an inaugural all company gathering in January, the impact of annual merit increases as of January 1st, and the 2024 payroll tax reset. To provide additional context beyond our Q1 expenses, we expect adjusted EBITDA operating expenses to come down in Q2 and to be between $101 million and $103 million.

For the full year we expect strong continued ad spend growth, particularly in CTV, and we are raising total contribution ex-TAC to grow approximately 10%, up from high single digits previously, with CTV to grow faster than DV+. We're also raising adjusted EBITDA margin expansion to 100 basis points, up from 50 basis points to 100 basis points previously at this level of top-line growth. We also expect double-digit percentage growth of adjusted EBITDA, with an even higher growth in free cash flow and total capex to be in the mid $40 million range, including PP&E and capitalized software. I am very happy with our strong finish to 2023, and I'm encouraged by the progress in our CTV revenue growth recovery.

I'm also particularly pleased with our completed refinancing, which provides a stable capital structure for the foreseeable future. And with that, let's open the line for Q&A.

Questions & Answers:

Operator

[Operator instructions] The first question comes from Dan Kurnos of The Benchmark Company. Please go ahead.

Dan Kurnos -- The Benchmark Company -- Analyst

Great, thanks. Good afternoon. Really solid results, guys. Michael, can you just give us some more color on what you're seeing in CTV? Obviously, that's been a major focal point here and given all the noise in the marketplace.

The acceleration is pretty meaningful based on the guide. So is there anything specific to call out, whether it's improvements in the take rate? We've obviously heard in the marketplace that we're starting to see more PMP in programmatic deals? And I guess bigger picture, as you see some more of the virtuals and move to streaming, are these guys, you talked about Amazon, but like, say, the sports venture, are they starting to talk about the way that Disney has talked about Hulu historically and moving a lot of the inventory already to programmatically biddable? I know that thing hasn't even taken off yet, but just do you have any sense of how those conversations are pacing? Thanks.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Hey, Dan. I would attribute the CTV acceleration mostly to macro, just an improved, broader spend in streaming by video advertisers. That, you know, obviously benefits us and the rest of the industry, but it also helps -- one of the things we pointed out was the mix shift of products in our CTV portfolio and how middle of the year, 2023, more of the big plus services were using our pub sold deal pipes, which carry with it a lower take rate.

We're starting to see more of a blend there. So, you have the macro improvement and a shift in the mix. So, we kind of expect that with the crystal ball that we have for 2024 to continue and aid the CTV growth. And as for plans at the new sports TV has or even Prime, it's awfully early, and frankly, we're not privy to any of that insight yet.

Dan Kurnos -- The Benchmark Company -- Analyst

All right, fair enough. And just maybe one follow-up on the Walmart-Vizio acquisition, obviously would love to hear your guys thoughts on that. I think you guys view it as positive given the potential scale for the opportunity for Walmart. But there are some fears out there that given how big a partner Vizio was, that that might move in a different direction.

So, I'd just love to get your thoughts there. Thanks.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, Dan. Pure speculation. I mean, from all the things that we've spoken with the Vizio guys, they're very happy about the deal, very happy about our partnership. We think we'd bring a set of capabilities that aren't present within the Walmart ecosystem right now in their ad business.

So, we think of it as very positive. But, boy, deal is a bit aways from closing, but I'm hard pressed to come up with a negative scenario for Magnite if the deal closes.

Dan Kurnos -- The Benchmark Company -- Analyst

A very big check for them to write to develop an ad tech stack. All right, thanks, Michael. I appreciate it.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Dan.

Operator

The next question comes from Laura Martin from Needham. Please go ahead.

Laura Martin -- Needham and Company -- Analyst

Good afternoon. Great numbers, guys. Congratulations. My first one is also on CTV.

Building on your comments, Michael, about Amazon, what I'm seeing in the marketplace and CTV is this strong desire to link connected television, which has historically been top of funnel to purchase like this RMN at Amazon. And I think that's what Walmart's doing with Vizio, is a full sort of through funnel from top to bottom, full funnel alternative. Is that good for you, or is that bad for you, if CTV is deemed more of a performance channel rather than just top of funnel substitute for linear TV? That's my first one.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Great question, Laura. I think it's very good for us and for the whole industry. I mean, I think that generally speaking, you will always have brand advertisers using streaming, and those are the ones that we deal with today. You know, our whole DV+ business is performing, so we're pretty good at it.

And I think that there'll be different ways to measure performance, different digital tricks that you're going to be able to play, pull over from the DV+ handbook and apply them to CTV. So it's an area where we have excelled at in our DV+ business, and we feel quite comfortable playing that in our CTV business.

Laura Martin -- Needham and Company -- Analyst

OK, and then, David, one for you on EBITDA. So, 31% EBITDA margins in fiscal '23, you're guiding to 32% margins expansion of 200 basis points. But then what's sort of giving me whiplash is I've got 43% EBITDA margins in Q4 actual, and you're going to a 14% EBITDA margin in Q1. Was there something that moved expenses out of Q4 into Q1 that made this short-term volatility in EBITDA even though the long-term is just expanding the 100 basis points?

David Day -- Chief Financial Officer

No, none whatsoever. A couple of things to call out with Q1, so I would say the results for Q4 are what we expected with the growth of the business and with good top line performance. Q1 we did have an unusual expense with an all company event, which was really important for the company. And then, we had the normal beginning of year costs.

And so we've talked about those in the past. Our raises are effective January 1st. You also have company matching payroll taxes that kick in, you know, on January 1, and you kind of get by those after three or four months into the year. And so we gave some additional guidance to give context to that, where in Q2, we expect those adjusted EBITDA expenses to drop from the 107 midpoint to the 102 midpoint and kind of get back to a more normal range.

And if you kind of triangulate on the guidance that we've given, that would imply that Q3 and Q4 adjusted EBITDA expenses would be actually slightly down from that Q2 run rate.

Laura Martin -- Needham and Company -- Analyst

All right, thanks very much.

David Day -- Chief Financial Officer

You bet.

Operator

The next question comes from Jason Kreyer from Craig-Hallum. Please go ahead.

Jason Kreyer -- Craig-Hallum Capital Group -- Analyst

Great. Thank you, guys. Michael, I know it's early on Amazon Prime, but I'm just curious if you feel like that's had any sort of an impact in the market, just in terms of having another entrant or siphoning away any ad spend or have you actually seen tailwinds in kind of the month that they've been operating?

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Hey, Jason. I would say an impact it's had is in CPMs. They went out to market with CPMs that were lower than the plus services in general, and some were on the very high end and some were kind of in the middle end.

And in my conversations with our publishing partners, it definitely has had an impact on them. And so, I think that that's probably because it's so nascent, that's probably the biggest impact that we have seen. Is it a cratering of CPMs? No. I mean, I think that you're probably talking about services that were pricing in the mid-40s now having a price in the high 30s.

So it's not a whoosh sound of CPMs, but that's what I think most people have commented to me on the industry.

Jason Kreyer -- Craig-Hallum Capital Group -- Analyst

OK, good to hear. And then just on cookie deprecation, obviously, we've only seen 1% of that occur over the first two months here, but I'm curious if you've seen any impact to your business as that started. And then, as you look out over the course of this year with cookie deprecation ramping up, how does that start to benefit your business as we progress forward?

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Yes. So, Jason, it's too hard for us to see a signal of a 1% deprecation in a platform that does a trillion-plus ad requests a day. So, the minute we are able to divine, we'll be happy to share with everyone and why we think we're better positioned than most to be able to play in this is that. And I'm sure you've been reading in the trades, Privacy Sandbox isn't the easiest replacement system for cookies.

The proposed Google Chrome alternative to third party cookies requires a heck of a lot of tech investment, heck of a lot of processing power, heck of a lot of expertise. So, you're starting to set the bar pretty high for an SSP to participate in Privacy Sandbox. So, I think that right there shrinks the field. Furthermore, Privacy Sandbox isn't going to be the only way to try to replace the lost signal from third-party cookies.

There's going to be a raft of services from vendors that will try to do it. We'll have our own Magnite audience segment. So it's really going to be this portfolio approach that if you're not a company that has wherewithal, the resources to invest in this on behalf of our publishers, I think it'll just start to separate us even further from the pack of undifferentiated SSPs that are out there.

Jason Kreyer -- Craig-Hallum Capital Group -- Analyst

Thanks, Michael.

Operator

The next question comes from Shyam Patil from Susquehanna. Please go ahead.

Unknown speaker -- e

Hey, good afternoon. This is Aaron on for Shyam. Congrats on the strong results. We had two questions for you.

First, just on political advertising in 2024, could you talk about what kind of contribution you're expecting to see this year and any updated thoughts on the weighting of this spend? So, either first half versus second half, third quarter versus fourth quarter, any early thoughts there?

David Day -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, it's David. I'll take that one. Aaron. It'll be interesting to handicap.

We've been somewhat conservative in our expectations for 2024 from a comp perspective. In a presidential year in 2020, we had 11 million in contribution ex-TAC. In a non-presidential year in 2022, we had 11 million, and so we would expect an uptick from that this year. And so, say double the 2022, you know, level is not a bad expectation for us and could create some upside as well, given the state of play.

We think most of those dollars will flow in Q3 and Q4, so there's some, you know, dribbles going on even now. But we see a significant increase in Q3 and probably the highest impact in Q4 in that very concentrated time period in late October and early November.

Unknown speaker -- e

That's helpful. Thank you. And then, Michael, you briefly touched on this in your prepared remarks, but is there any more of an update that you can share on ClearLine adoption and the feedback that you're getting from your partners on that product?

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, it's still relatively early days in terms of us being able to take to market adoption. I would imagine as the year goes by, we'll be able to share some more concrete details, but so far, so good. It seems to be filling or matching that need that we saw on market and a lot of interest around it, and we're very happy where it stands right now from a product standpoint.

Unknown speaker -- e

Got it. Thank you.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Aaron.

Operator

The next question comes from Shweta Khajuria from Evercore ISI. Please go ahead.

Shweta Khajuria -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst

Hi. Thank you for taking my questions. Michael, two, please. On the cookie deprecation piece, your sense on how ready advertisers and publishers are if this were to happen maybe a quarter from today, accelerate from a quarter from today.

What's your best guess on how ready publishers are and then, also, how ready advertisers are for this? And then, second is on, you expect ad spend to accelerate, so 20% growth, that's great. And you expect that to be faster in 2024. Is that all macro-driven, or are there other factors that give you confidence on the acceleration? Thanks a lot.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Yes, thanks, Shweta. So, cookie deprecation. I think that, generally speaking, our industry is great at talking about cataclysmic events that are going to occur. And then when they happen, being caught a little flat footed.

I think we've seen that in GDPR. We saw that in the Apple crackdown in terms of tracking cross app. I think in this particular instance, the industry is better prepared. But I will say that the challenge has been, as long as third party cookies exist, it's awfully difficult to have someone abandon that and test new methods.

So, I really do think that there are more and more solutions out there to try to capture the signal loss. We are working with all those companies. They'll all be available day one to our clients, as well as Privacy Sandbox. So I think we'll do a pretty good job of knitting them together to help.

But I do think it will be a tumultuous period at the start. There's no question. We've seen that time and again. And as long as ad budgets aren't going to be cut, which we don't believe they will, we'll have plenty of inventory to sell to marketers.

Even if there's a CPM decline, we'll be able to make it back up in volume. And as for ad spend acceleration, yeah, I would say there's no question that a freshening macro environment is very helpful to that. But a lot of that is just market share growth and gains in the DV+ area in CTV. Just, again, more inventory coming to market, more dollars coming to CTV from linear, so just some of the trends that we've discussed in the past.

Shweta Khajuria -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst

OK, thanks, Michael.

Operator

The next question comes from Dan Day from B. Riley FBR. Please go ahead.

Dan Day -- B. Riley Financial -- Analyst

Good afternoon, guys. I appreciate you taking the questions. So, heard earlier this week from a competitor talking about looking to hire pretty aggressively in 2024, various roles in sales and engineers. Can you just talk about how you feel about your employment level right now, where you might look to hire and put new resources? And then, related to that, just where the focus is in that technology and development line on the income statement.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Sure, Dan. Yeah. I mean, listen, every year we add folks to the team. And this year will be no different, but it'll just be kind of our normal hiring pattern.

I think that we feel really good about where we stand in terms of the number of bodies we have and our product roadmap and our ability to service our clients from a go-to-market standpoint. So, we don't feel as though we're missing out on any opportunity by not adding hundreds of folks to the workforce. As you know, we've grown the company quite substantially from the days of Rubicon through our acquisitions. So, I think we feel real good about where we stand from a headcount standpoint and that we won't be missing any opportunities on our product roadmap and/or our sales efforts.

And as far as the focus is concerned, you know, we touched on it a little bit in the script, but yes, last year was all about mushing together to streaming platforms, and that re required a lot of bandwidth. And so, what we're really pleased is those very same people who have a day job, but we're also doing the migration, are now fully focused on innovation and product features, whether it's on ClearLine, product features on streaming, product features within SpringServe. And we'll probably be able to get to talk more about product as the year goes on, but we feel really good about the roadmap and the bandwidth that we have.

Dan Day -- B. Riley Financial -- Analyst

OK, great. And then another one within DV+. It feels like we've never really spent any time talking about the plus side, but you've put some pretty interesting announcements out about iHeart and podcasts and hearing more and more about digital out of home. Same thoughts on when that might start to make a dent in the numbers.

Is it a 2024 trend or longer term?

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

You know, I think you already see it manifesting itself because we've been in audio, so to speak, for a while. And online, it's funny, the digital out-of-home business is video and a lot of those guys are now trying to crack streaming budgets because some of these placements are in bars, restaurants, quick serve restaurants, where they have programming, they have an advertising. Obviously, it's slightly different than what we associate with as the flat screen in the living room. But so I think some of these are adjacent, and you're going to see spend rather quickly, others a little bit more experimental.

And, you know, there's this marketplace structure where, generally speaking, when you get into evolving formats, there's an imbalance in the marketplace. You either have all this supply with very little demand or a lot of demand and not a lot of supply. So curating that piece of it and making that work, we're pretty good at that. So, I think that these will be all net positives for 2024 and probably much more significant in 2025.

Dan Day -- B. Riley Financial -- Analyst

OK, great. Thanks.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Dan.

Operator

The next question comes from Omar Dessouky from Bank of America. Please go ahead.

Arthur Chu -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Hey, guys. This is Arthur on for Omar. Thanks for taking my question and congrats on the results. So, you guys cut out pretty strong international growth for DV+.

I was actually hoping if you could talk a little bit more about international expansion in CTV as well. I think one of the large DSPs cut out pretty strong growth in CTV across Europe and Asia as sort of like, new inventory comes online. So, would appreciate if you could talk a little bit about how you're thinking about expanding your CTV business internationally, your competitive position there, and maybe just in terms of growth versus in the U.S., how big of an opportunity that could potentially be. Thank you.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Thanks, Arthur. Yeah, so I think one of the interesting things about CTV that you kind of pick up when you visit our international markets is that linear TV has been very regional, right? You have your three or four top TV stations in London or the U.K., three or four top stations in Australia, Germany, France, etc. And these tend to dominate the scene.

And what you have crashing the party now are the Disney pluses of the world, the Netflix of the world, the Paramount pluses of the world, they're all going global, Amazon Prime. And it's really upending the business opportunity. So, what was once a very insular, tight to crack market, you're now seeing these global expansion opportunities through all of the services we do business with, expanding international. So, we just go along for the ride, so to speak, and we have local coverage, local demand facilitation.

So, I think that's where we see the biggest opportunity. We obviously work with a ton of the best and brightest of the broadcasters that are international, but I think the real expansion piece is going to be the plus services going internationally.

Arthur Chu -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Awesome, thank you.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Arthur.

Operator

The next question comes from Matt Swanson from RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Matt Swanson -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Yes, no, thank you for taking my question. Congratulations on the quarter. I kind of have a two-part question about the CTV marketplace. One being we've heard so much, I guess increased kind of positivity from a macro standpoint about the broader digital ad space.

And I was wondering how unique is CTV when we start talking about digital ad spend. Do you still think, you know, it's completely secular siloed, or is it starting to kind of flow the way some of those other areas do? And then, following up on, I know there has been quite a few questions on the Amazon side. I was just curious if you think a, you know, full stack kind of ad server like an Amazon is going to increase the dependency of the rest of the publishers to partner better because they may not have, obviously, the depth of technology or data that Amazon has. So, those are my two.

Thanks, guys.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Matt. Yes, I'll let David Chime in as well. I think for the near future, and that could be several years, that I think CTV will be a little bit different growth profile than digital in general, obviously backing out like search and social. So, open web and CTV.

I think CTV will outpace open web for the foreseeable future. Just given the idea that more and more inventory is coming. There's still $62 billion of linear spend that haven't shifted at all. So I fully anticipate that the CTV growth rate will be different than the digital growth rate.

David's giving me the thumbs up, so no jumping in. As far as Prime is concerned, yeah, look, I think Amazon is just a different cat, right? It's like they are a huge technology company and it's going to be impossible for almost anyone to try to replicate what they can do. So, yeah, there's no question. I think that our services will become more valuable over time just because if you want to emulate the product offerings that an Amazon can do and the serving capabilities and the targeting capabilities, you're going to have to lean heavily on your technology partner.

And I think that's how we built Magnite to be able to do that for our publishing partners in the streaming side.

Matt Swanson -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Appreciate the time, guys.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Matt.

Operator

This concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Michael Barrett for closing remarks.

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Danielle. I would like to thank the Magnite team for delivering another great quarter and record year. We finished 2023 strongly, and I believe we are very well positioned for new heights in 2024. We look forward to speaking with many of you at our upcoming investor events.

We will be participating in the SIG Conference tomorrow in New York, and Nick will be marketing in Denver on March 5th, Portland on March 11, and Salt Lake City on March 14th. Thank you again for dialing in and have a great evening.

Operator

The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. [Operator signoff]

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

Nick Kormeluk -- Head of Investor Relations

Michael Barrett -- Chief Executive Officer

David Day -- Chief Financial Officer

Dan Kurnos -- The Benchmark Company -- Analyst

Laura Martin -- Needham and Company -- Analyst

Jason Kreyer -- Craig-Hallum Capital Group -- Analyst

Unknown speaker -- e

Shweta Khajuria -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst

Dan Day -- B. Riley Financial -- Analyst

Arthur Chu -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Matt Swanson -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

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Magnite (MGNI) Q4 2023 Earnings Call Transcript was originally published by The Motley Fool